Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Personal Experience Reflection Paper - 1417 Words

Minecraft Username: Joiined Age: 14 in September Previous Experience: This is going to be my weakest point, but I believe that I have to get more experience somewhere, so here it goes! (Keep in mind, I don’t have any proof for any of these, but I hope you can trust me!) FearPvP - Moderator (My name was ClickRaids back then) [2 years ago]- Player base was around 100-300 players before the new owners when I was staff - This was a factions server. It had a decent player base and gave me most of the experience I have today. I started as a helper, so my role was to help players in chat, and get trusted within the community. When I got promoted to moderator, this is where all my experience came to life. I learned to screen share and I†¦show more content†¦It was a challenge to communicate with them properly, but I still overcame it and became more professional with this experience. Small Servers - Unknown [Span of 3 years to 1 year ago] - I staffed on a few small servers here and then. These player bases varied from 5 players to 10 players. I didn’t want to bring specifics because this isn’t really too important. Small servers are where my experience began to mold for me to moderate on more bulky sized servers. Twitch Channel - Chat Mod - Viewers Via Stream was about 50 - This taught me some things about moderating any type of chat. I was moderating my friend s channel and the chat was quite toxic. The things I did there plugged in a few things that I can use while moderating a chat. Timezone and Country: EST (Eastern Standard Time) United States of America Estimated Schedule: I am currently on summer break so this is my current schedule Monday-Friday 12:00 P.M - 11:00 P.M Saturday-Sunday 12:00 P.M - 1:00 A.M Out of Summer Break Monday-Friday 4:30 P.M - 12:30 A.M Saturday-Sunday 12:00 P.M - 12:00 AM Skills and Reasons: I have multifarious skills and reasons to offer to the server. Languages I feel like I can help out with screen sharing with a greater extent because if there is an individual that is hacking and needs a screen share and doesn’t speak English, but Spanish, I can help with that! I speak both English and Spanish fluently. Although I speak SpanishShow MoreRelatedSample Reflection Assignments1243 Words   |  5 Pages195/295) INSTRUCTOR: Richard Schramm Written assignments are of two types: Reflections and Project Reports. Reflections: An essential element for student learning in service-learning courses is written and oral reflections on the field study experience, as well as on other elements of the course. To have an experience isn’t enough to ensure learning; you need to intentionally and thoughtfully reflect upon the experience and what you learned from it to ensure that learning occurs. As T.S. EliotRead MoreReflective Writing1241 Words   |  5 PagesHow do I . . . Write a Reflection? Why reflective writing? Reflection offers you the opportunity to consider how your personal experiences and observations shape your thinking and your acceptance of new ideas. Professors often ask students to write reading reflections. They do this to encourage you to explore your own ideas about a text, to express your opinion rather than summarise the opinions of others. Reflective writing can help you to improve your analytical skills because it requiresRead MoreThe Performance Of Blood Glucose Level Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pages This paper will look at the performance of blood glucose level (BGL) tests which was carried out during the clinical intensive workshops. This paper will firstly explore and discuss the value and importance of personal reflection in nursing in a health care setting and how personal reflection is a key component in the learning processes of an individual and how it improves skills. 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I enrolled in the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) through the Columbia Southern University (CSU) just for fulfillment. This reflection assignment exercise proves to be the catalyst for my future college endeavors. The assignment to reflect on DBA program dreamed of taking steps towards realizing those ideas and course accomplishments right now. Due to time some course assignments, I will embrace,

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Objective Relations Theory Free Essays

Projective Identification copyright 1996 Hannah Fox, CSW, BCD All rights reserved – may not be reproduced without permission of Hannah Fox (hfox@object-relations. com) This document can be found at: http://www. object-relations. We will write a custom essay sample on Objective Relations Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now com This presentation will explore several concepts and techniques within the Object Relations theory of family therapy which, if understood, provides a framework for looking at couples and families. Before talking about this approach to family therapy, I would like to explain what object relations theory is all about. Object Relations Theory was originated in England by a group of British psychoanalysts, including Klein, Balint, Fairburn, Winnicott, and Guntrip. Object relations theory was a break from Freud’s drive model, and differs from it as follows: Freud’s model held that a newborn infant is driven by animal instincts, such as hunger, thirst, and pleasure, but cannot relate to others. Relationships with others only develop later in the course of satisfying those needs. In this sense, Freud’s model considers relationships to be secondary. In contrast, object relations theory maintains that the infant can relate to others at a very early age and that relationships with others are, therefore, primary. The drive to attach oneself to an object is considered to be the major motivating force. Since we are talking about object relations theory, this is a good time to ask what an object is. In object relations theory, the word object is used with a very specific meaning. It’s not literally a physical person, but an internal mental structure that is formed throughout early development. This mental structure is built through a series of experiences with significant others through a psychic process called introjection. Because an infant’s earliest experiences are usually with its mother, she is usually the first internal object formed by the infant. Eventually, the father and other significant people also become internalized objects. Introjection, the process of creating internal mental objects, leads to another process called splitting. Splitting occurs because the infant cannot tolerate certain feelings such as rage and longing, which occur in all normal development. As a result, the infant has to split off parts of itself and repress them. What happens to those repressed split-off parts? They are dealt with through another important process, called projective identification. Projective identification itself is a very specific part of object relations theory. It is a defense mechanism which was conceptualized by Melanie Klein in 1946, having evolved from her extensive study and work with children. According to Klein, projective identification consists of splitting off parts of the self, projecting them into another person, and then identifying with them in the other person. For example, the earliest relationship the infant has with its mother is feeding and touching, but the mother is not always able to respond quickly enough to the infant’s need. Since the natural rage and longing the infant feels at such times are intolerable, to survive these feelings the infant â€Å"splits them off† and represses them from its consciousness. The â€Å"split off†feelings can be thought of as other parts of the self (ego). When such splitting takes place, the infant is free of the rage but has placed that part of itself inside the mother. To make itself whole again it must identify with the mother. The mother may or may not allow herself to become the cntainer for the infant’s negative feelings. Even if she doesn’t, the projective identification still occurs. The above process begins in the first half year of life, known as the paranoid-schizoid position. It is characterized by an ability to distinguish good feelings from bad, but an inability to distinguish the mother from the self. Depending on how consistent the mothering is, the infant may or may not progress to a higher level of development known as the depressive position. In the depressive position, which starts at about eight months of age, the child takes back its bad feelings from the mother and separates from her. The mother is now seen as a separate object, with both good and bad feelings of her own. The infant is aware of its own good and bad feelings. For a child to reach this level of development, the earlier mothering must be consistent. The mother must have accepted most of the child’s projected feelings. A child who reaches the depressive position will, in adulthood, be capable of experiencing, at best, such feelings as empathy, or will at least become neurotic. In contrast, if the mothering is not consistent, the child can’t take back its projected feelings and splitting continues both inside and outside the child. It remains in the paranoid-schizoid position or, at best, a precarious form of the depressive position. This type of development is associated with borderline personalities. In the above infant-mother example, the repressed parts of the self, if unresolved, will remain repressed into adulthood. Those parts will govern the choice of marital partner and the nature of marital relationships, and by extension the nature of relationships with children. By the time the couple or family come to therapy the projective identification process has likely progressed to the point of being obvious to the therapist, and will be seen in the members’ behavior toward each other. This is usually not so in individual therapy because it often takes time to build the transference relationship with the therapist. So what does this mean for the therapist? What does a therapist have to know in order to work with a family, using the object relations approach? The therapist needs to be trained in individual developmental heory from infancy to aging and to understand that the internal object world is built up in a child, modified in an adult and re-enacted in the family. The family has a developmental life cycle of its own, and as it goes through its series of tasks from early nurturing of its new members, to emancipation of its adolescents, to taking care of its aging members, the family’s adaptation is challenged at every stage by unresol ved issues in the adult members’ early life cycle. Conflicts within any of its individual family members may threaten to disrupt the adaption previously achieved. If any member is unable to adapt to new development, pathology, like projective identification, becomes a stumbling block to future healthy development. The clinical approach is to develop, with the family, an understanding of the nature and origins of their current interactional difficulties, starting from their experience in the here- and-now of the therapeutic sessions, and exploring the unconscious intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts that are preventing further healthy development. Interpretation and insight are thus the agents of family change. By uncovering the projective identifications that take place among family members, and having individuals take back their split-off parts, members can be freed to continue healthy development. If further therapy is indicated, individual therapy would be a recommendation. Symptom reduction in individuals is not necessarily a goal here. In fact, individual family members may become more symptomatic as projective identificationsare taken back and the members become more anxious. To do this, the therapist needs the following four capabilities: . The ability to provide a â€Å"holding environment†for the family – a place which is consistent – so that eventually the family comes to feel comfortable enough to be themselves in the presence of the therapist. 2. An ability to understand the â€Å"theme†of each session, so that a broad theme can be identified over the course of treatment. 3. An ability to interpret the latent content of patients’ manifest stat ements. 4. An understanding of unconscious processes like transference and countertransference. Given those tools, it is the therapist’s job to uncover the projective identifications in the family that prevent the children from having a healthy development. Once these projections are uncovered, and the split-off parts given back to the family members they belong to, children are freer to continue healthy development. Having introduced projective identification, I’d like to show how this process operates later in life-in couples and families-and is a framework for doing couple and family therapy. I’m going to present two cases-one of a couple and one of a family-to show how projective identification works. A male patient of mine with little ambition fell in love with a woman who subsequently pushed him to be ambitious. As it turned out, the woman had been repressing her own ambition under pressure from a father who didn’t believe women should work. This woman was quite intelligent and obtained a professional degree, yet she chose to stifle her ambition in order to please her father. She remained dependent on her father, both emotionally and financially. The husband, my patient, was a professional but quite unambitious. His family’s philosophy was that one is lucky to have a job and pay the bills. His father had held the same low paying job for twenty years although he, too, had a professional degree. So why did these two people get married? Since it was unacceptable for her to be ambitious, the wife needed someone to contain those feelings for her. My patient was the ideal object because, although he had an inner ambition, he had no parental support for these strivings. Therefore, he was predisposed to accept and collude in his wife’s projection. What is the effect of projective identification when a couple has children? The following example shows how parents use their children as objects. Fern was a woman in her second marriage with two adolescent children. When Fern was a child, her mother favored her brother. The message she received from her mother was that men were important and had to be taken care of, while women were stupid and born to serve men. Both of Fern’s husbands agreed with her mother’s philosophy, so Fern spent most of her married life serving them. When the family came to see me, both children were having emotional problems. The son was a heavy user of pot and cocaine. His sister had emotional and learning problems in school. Fern had projected into her son that males were special and needed to be taken care of. It’s not hard to see why the son colluded with his mother. The rewards of accepting her projected feelings were too hard to resist, so when he reached adolescence he satisfied his excessive dependency needs with drugs. The message Fern’s daughter received was that she was unimportant and stupid. Why did Fern project these feelings onto her daughter? Fern grew up unable to develop her own career goals because her other ignored her wishes to go to college. For Fern to feel sufficiently competent and achieve some career success, she had to get rid of feelings that she was stupid and unimportant. So she projected those feelings on to her daughter and was then able to start a small business. To avoid being totally rejected by her mother, the daughter colluded by remaining stupid and unimportant to herself. Fern’s reenactment with her daughter of her mother’s relationship with her is a form of projective identification called â€Å"identification with the aggressor,†because Fern is acting as if she is her own mother and her daughter is her (when she was a child). Fern’s relationship to her son is also similar to the relationship Fern’s mother had to Fern’s brother. Because Fern is treating her children so differently, when they grow up they will have very different views of this family. This explains why, in therapy, siblings often talk about the same family very differently. Notice how unresolved feelings from childhood, which Fern split off and repressed, greatly affected her relationship with both children. What do you think is going on in her second marriage? Now I will present an actual transcript of part of a session I recently had with this family. As you will see, it illustrates the process of projective identification and will serve as a basis for further discussion. T: Fern, I wonder, when Donald was talking about being like Roberta and John asked him a question how did you feel? F: What do you mean how did I feel? T: When John asked Donald when he figured out that he was like Roberta and Donald said just now. J: How do you feel about him saying just now. T: And you changed the subject and I wondered what you were feeling. F: I don’t know. I T: Donald owned up to some feelings that he was like his father and that part of what he saw in Roberta was like himself. F: Donald is definitely part of D: No but what she’s saying is that you changed the subject. That is why she’s wondering if you have some feelings about that. T: Exactly. You seemed to have moved away from what was going on here. John was talking to Donald R: She doesn’t want us to be like our father. T: Maybe that was upsetting to you? R: He wasn’t good to her. D: Subconsciously maybe. It’s deep but it’s there. F: Well, I don’t like Martin, naturally. It’s true. I don’t like him – I don’t think he’s a nice person. R: You don’t like him at all? D: She loves him but doesn’t like him F: I loved him but I never liked him as a person. I never thought he was a good person; that he really cared about me, that he took care of me, that he was ever concerned with me. I remember a couple of things that – I remember having a bloody nose one night when I was pregnant and he went out to play racketball and left me alone. Things like that – He was mean to me – he had no compassion for me. D: That’s one thing, I’m not like my father. F: I’m not saying – I’m trying to say I see certain characteristics of their father in them. T: How does that make you feel? F: How does that make me feel? I don’t know. I guess part of it, not too good because I would rather them be above that, that is, above that anger, why can’t they rise above that anger. I don’t want them to be like that because it didn’t get Martin anyplace in life. J: I have a very deep question. F: I don’t know if I want to answer it. J: You may not but how can you find that with Roberta and Donald being so much alike in prsonality, like Martin, how do you separate Donald’s being like Martin and accepting it from Roberta and saying Roberta is just like her father and not accepting it? F: Because Donald never directed his anger at me as a person, as a human being. In other words he never – he might have been angry but he never said to me – he never was mean to me, whereas Roberta has been mean to me, attacked me as a person, Donald never attacked me as a person. T: Donald attacked himself as a person. D: Hmm. T: By taking drugs. F: But he never attacked me as a person. D: Never, I’m not a mean person. I don’t have that mean streak in me. T: You sure? F: You may have it in you D: I don’t have a mean streak. F: Sure, everyone T: Who did you direct that meanness to? Roberta directs it out to her mother and who did you direct it to? D: I direct it to her. T: No R: No you directed it at yourself. D: Myself, yeah – I’m mean to myself. F: You were destructive to yourself. T: So what D: But that’s different from being destructive to other human beings. F: No, maybe you would have been better off being mean to me or somebody else. Or to your father. R: Let’s get back to Uncle John’s question. J: No this is part of the answer. D: Yeah – I’m mean to myself. I still am. But I don’t destroy myself with anything – with any kind of substances, but I still am. R: What do you mean, you still are? D: I’m hard on myself, critical of myself. R: See, you would never think that of Donald because he walks around like he’s above the world. He does. T: But why would somebody walk – D: But I’ve been working on that very heavily now T: But why would someone D: That’s the way I am; it’s the way I am. T: Why would someone walk around like that. D: It’s very basic – when I was on drugs and everything like that and I’m fully aware of it, aware that I’m conceited and like I have that air about me – I’m fully aware of it. When I was on drugs I had that part to me but it wasn’t as strong as it is now. T: You weren’t aware of it then? D: I wasn’t really in control of the fact that I control my conceitedness now – I choose to put that on because I have nothing, I have nothing else now. T: Right D: It seems it’s like my only defense, to be arrogant and to be conceited because I don’t have anything else to back me up so I figure that wall. R: Why do you need – I don’t need anything. D: Roberta – because when I was on the drugs and everything like that, it was a great wall for me to keep everybody out. Now I want everybody to think big things. Discussion Now let’s look at the latent content of this session and identify the projective identifications. Fern was angry at Roberta and not at Donald — why? As John pointed out with his question, Fern saw Roberta and Donald very differently, because of her projective identifications into them. Fern saw Roberta as bad and stupid, just as her mother viewed her when she was a child. She put all her badness and negative feelings into Roberta. Roberta then acted out Fern’s feelings by being emotionally disturbed and acting stupid. Her emotional problems exacerbated what had been a genuine perceptual impairment. Because of her projective identification, Fern saw Donald as the good son who needed special attention and care, which was what Fern had seen between her own mother and her brother. Because Donald was not fully accepted by his mother, especially for those qualities that were like his natural father, he acted out his mother’s feelings. He was good to her but repressed the rejected parts, turning them against himself by secretly taking drugs. Yet, his mother continued to hold him in high regard, even after his habit had been found out. What Fern did was re-create the family constellation in which she had grown up. Because both children were carrying out their mother’s inner life, they were unable to grow and develop their own healthy structures. The next step in therapy was to get Fern to take back the split-off parts of herself: the devaluing of her daughter and the overvaluing of her son. This should help the children take back the part of themselves which they split off and repressed. In subsequent sessions, Fern and I explored what it was like growing up with her mother. She explained that her mother told her that she was stupid and that her brother was special. Fern’s daughter told Fern that she was doing the same thing as her mother and that the daughter felt stupid. Fern responded that she had never meant to treat her daughter as stupid. She also realized that her son had many problems and was not so special. In doing so, Fern reclaimed her split-off parts, freeing her daughter to continue a healthier development. Her son was able to leave home and become more independent. How to cite Objective Relations Theory, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Chicano Migration Essay Example For Students

Chicano Migration Essay Who is in charge of the past? The Spanish language is the second most spoken language here in the United States. Jose just replaced Michael as the most popular name last year in two southwestern states. According to Mireya Navarro, America is home to 31 million people of Latin ancestry, a number that is rapidly growing. In fact, â€Å"In the next five years the number is expected to surpass African-Americans as the largest minority group and will most likely make up a fourth of the nation’s population in 50 years†(Navarro, â€Å"Latinos Gain Visibility in Cultural Life of U.S.,†Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, 1998, p. 364). The question that arises from all of this is, why don’t we hear as much form the Latin American public as we do the African Americans? When we think of minorities we immediately assume the group being spoke of is of African descent. In the society where my partner Jennifer grew up, there is only one Latino (Puerto Rican) f amily and they are by no means on the low end of the social class. They are a very well-respected family. On the other hand, the city in which I grew up, it is crawling with Latinos. They live above and below the shops and restaurants in town, everywhere you turn you can see someone of Latino descent. But still, a minority member in society to us is a Black person. We have this stereotypical view of minority groups because that is what has been hammered at us through grade school, and even into high school. We learn time and time again of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks. We are taught about discrimination and segregation of the Black people, but who or what can we think of related to the Mexican population off the top of our heads? Nothing. Jennifer, I would hardly know anything of the Latin American population of the United States if she did not choose to study Spanish as my second language in high school, and from watching the television show â€Å"Cops.† Before we s tarted this critique, neither one of us knew that the word Chicano referred to a rural Mexican Immigrant. We assumed it was the name of someone who was of Asian descent-boy were we wrong! â€Å"Chicano came to denote those who fought for the rights of Mexican Americans and fought against Anglo American racism† (Garc?a, Ignacio M, Chicanismo, 1997, p. 8). Even today we still have very mixed emotions for the Latino minority group. Do we feel sorry for them, or do we feel threatened, and why? The immigration of Latin Americans is not much of a different history compared to the other minority groups trying to survive in this melting pot called the United States of America. The difference that exists between the Latin American minority group and the others is their way of immigrating into this country. As everyone knows, Mexico is adjacent to the United States. All the Chicanos had to do was pack up a few things and walk over the border. They didn’t even need passports; the y could enter and exit whenever they wished. Perhaps this may be a piece to the puzzle as to why we don’t feel as sorry for the Latinos as we do the other immigrant population. Many of the other minority groups of the time, the Chinese, Irish, Japanese, Jews, had packed up their whole families and some of their belongings, that could be carried by hand, jumped on a boat sailed for days to this promise land and were stuck here. It was too easy for the Mexicans; they could go back if they didn’t think the grass was as green as expected on this side of the river. Some did go back but many didn’t, they stayed in the southern states working on plantation farms, in the fields, and as servants around and within the plantation house. They were not making nearly enough money to survive, and they complained every step of the way. A stereotypical view of their population is that we â€Å"†¦Saw Mexican Americans as passive, unmotivated, and responsible for accepting m uch of their own suffering† (Garc?a, p.47). The Blacks were brought here by the Whites and forced into slavery; the Mexicans seemed to come and endure the pain by choice. They could have gone back if they wanted. The Chicanos came into the United States at the same time as the Japanese. But when we think of the Japanese we envision a well-dressed man, electronic equipment and expensive cars. On the other side, when the word Mexican is mentioned we envision a dirty old man with a bottle of Tequila. The Japanese worked in the fields right next to the Mexicans, what then is the difference between the two minorities? The only answer to the aforementioned questions is that the Japanese population Americanized themselves where the Mexicans had elected not to. Latin Americans avoided behaviors and attitudes that associate with the dominant group. â€Å"This oppositional identity appears to interfere with achievement. If doing well means you have to ‘act white,’ which fe els like a betrayal of yourself and your people, then you are not going to try to excel.†(Arends, Richard I., Exploring Teaching, p.130). It was easier for the Japanese to conform to American society because their homeland was a half a world away. As for the Latino community, their homeland was right next-door. There was a constant flow of news and gossip across the border; perhaps that is why many of the Chicanos did not coincide with the American standards. They did not want to be looked down upon in their homeland. This is what confuses us about the Mexican population: they want to be rich and give their children the so-called â€Å"American Dream,† but at the same time they are not able to give it to them. Latin Americans are not making enough money to make ends meet, and sending their children to school means two, three, or even more, fewer hands to help out in the fields. Losing the help in the fields means losing money in their pockets and food on their tables. D on’t get us wrong, Mexicans do really want to send their children to schools to receive a better education than the one that they alone are able to give them. The Mexicans are not that bad after all. They want what every parent wants, to be able to better the lives of their children. You see it is not just the Mexicans holding their children back; it is the White Americans holding the Mexicans back from sending their children to school. Because the Chicanos have come into this country with such a driving force in such a relatively short time span, the Americans who are presently in charge are afraid of the Mexican population taking over. They may be considered a minority in the United States but their large population must account for something. On this aspect we feel pathos towards the Latin American population. Time and time again, Mexican Americans had attempted to reach out to the mainstream by developing patriotic organizations, serving in the armed forces in large numbe rs, adopting American ideals, and de-emphasizing their national origins. Yet they remained outside the mainstream and saw the gap widening between them and other Americans(Garc?a, p. 10). The situation then changes. It once again becomes confusing to us. If the Chicanos are allowed to send their children to the public schools, why then are the parents hesitant? They are afraid that the children are going to change and feel ashamed of their parents, their background and upbringing. The Mexican parents need to decide what they really want from the school system Why do the parents feel scared that their children are going to feel ashamed? Do the parents feel ashamed themselves? Many of the Mexican families do feel ashamed of their ways of life and even themselves. We guess we would too. This once again causes us to feel pity for the Mexican population. Over and over again our society hears the white population complain about the minority population, and how they should all return home where they came from. But, is this really a possible choice for the Mexicans? As mentioned before, it seems quite possible and easy. If this is the case, why haven’t they? If all of the Latin Americans returned home to Mexico and South America, who then would do all of the dirty work in the United States? Whites do not want to work endless backbreaking days out in the hot, sultry weather. The truth now comes out: whites have let the Chicano immigrate into the United States but they will not let them return home. If a family wants to return home then it should be able to. Our society obviously disagrees with this notion. Many ethnic groups have been forced to stay here in the United States no matter what the conditions. Historically, Americans have always been putting people behind walls. First there were the American Indians who were put on reservations, Africans in slavery, their lives on plantations, Chicanos doing migratory work, and the kinds of camps they lived in, and e ven too, the Chinese when they worked on the railroad camps where they were almost isolated, dispossessed people-disempowered. (Kochiyama, Yuri, Then Came the War, Race, Class, and Gender Issues in the United States, 1998, p. 350). In reality the Mexican population has in the past, many times tried to return home and they have tried to fight back against the powerful White members of society, however, to no avail. The White population, or the landowners, who make all of the decisions in the society choose for the Latinos to stay, and to stay miserable. So if this is the case then the tables are turned on to the white population. Why in the world have they always complained time and time again about the Mexicans if the choice of having them stay in the United States is that of the White members of society who are too lazy to do their own dirty work? Many times we have heard the Latino population referred to as dirty, lazy Mexicans, when indeed it is the white men who have been the la ziest of all. If we have come to the epiphany that it is not really the Latin Americans, or all minority groups who are the bad guys then why does the segregation and discrimination of all minority groups still persist? The answer lies in the truth of who the bad guys really are: us, the majority, the white population. The problem is that we don’t like that answer, we don’t want to realize that we have been the antagonists all along. One thing that is true, no matter what, the past is the past. Yes, we can dwell on the past but there really is no fixing it. We as a whole nation need to focus on the present and the future. Everyone is different in one way or another. In the United States we choose color of skin in order to separate one person from another. This teaching has served to perpetuate stereotypes and thus kept mainstream society unsympathetic and often hostile toward minorities. We as a group need to fight against these stereotypes. This though obviously is a very difficult task, even for minorities themselves. We think that it is funny, well, actually sad, in reality that minorities when given the chance will actually discriminate against themselves We still are not sure whether we feel sorrow for the Chicanos. If we feel shame in our actions towards the African Americans, then shouldn’t we also feel the same for the Latin Americans? We guess the answer should be yes, but for some reason we still do not feel as ashamed or sad. Maybe, as mentioned before, it is because the problems that exist among the Chicano race have not been beat at us for years and years like that of other minority groups. Due to the fact that the â€Å"Latinos make up the largest ethnic and linguistic group†(Navarro, p. 365) some attention needs to be paid. It seems to us that life is just a big rat race, where everyone is trying to get the largest piece of cheese and we will go to all means to get that cheese. Another way of looking at the situation is to imagine that we are all looking at life through a mirror. We each have our own mirrors. Many of our mirrors have become fogged by racist stereotypes. We as a group need to defog our mirrors and clear our History Essays .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 , .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 .postImageUrl , .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 , .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940:hover , .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940:visited , .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940:active { border:0!important; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940:active , .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940 .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61d4e6b5abbd18e2dc5cebff9e249940:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greed In Sports Essay

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Rock and Roll and Rolling Stones free essay sample

What was it about the American social, political, and musical situations in the early sixties that made the country so ready for invasion by the British bands? Were the Beatles and the Rolling Stones so great that they could have taken over the U.S. charts any time, or was it mostly a case of good timing that they became so popular so quickly? The Beatles and The Rolling Stones have been two of the most influential bands on American Society. Creating The British Invasion in the 1960’s, this was a period when music From the United Kingdom began to become extremely popular in the United States, beginning with the Beatles. American’s had the first influence on the British—When the U.S. Rock and Roll and Blue bands found their way overseas. Young adults in England then became interested in combining both the United States and British Cultures. As a result of the American social, factors political, and music situations, the Rolling Stones and the Beatles were able to have a â€Å"grand entrance† with the introduction of their music into the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock and Roll and Rolling Stones or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These social, political, and music situations were crucial when considering both of the bands’ popularity. Beginning with the American social situations, the 1960’s in America was a decade creating a new era. Before the 60s, America was filled with hatred, violence, and slavery. In the early 1960’s, the Beatles attempted to take over the U.S. charts with songs such as â€Å"Please, Please, Me,† â€Å"From Me to You,† and â€Å"She Loves You,† but quickly failed. The United States was caught in a panic on November 22, 1963, the day that John F. Kennedy was shot. Americans, lost and in a state of mourning, were not sure what to believe, so they turned to music. The Beatles took full advantage of this situation, and the Americans took to their upbeat music; a perfect cure for America’s depression. The Vietnam War, from 1955-1975 was a major focus with music. The idea of â€Å"make love, not war† came to light, and the song Revolution, written by John Lennon, was a response to the war. As a result of this movement, many Americans who believed in the Vietnam war began to see it as unjust. During this time period, The Rolling Stones released a song by the name of Street Fighting Man which agreed with the Batle’s and Americans’ poiny of view. Rock and Roll and Rolling Stones free essay sample What was it about the American social, political, and musical situations in the early sixties that made the country so ready for invasion by the British bands? Were the Beetles and the Rolling Stones so great that they could have taken over the U. S. Charts any time, or was it mostly a case of good timing that they became so popular so quickly? The Beetles and The Rolling Stones have been two of the most influential bands on American Society. Creating The British Invasion in the sasss, this was a period when music From the United Kingdom began to become extremely popular in the United States, beginning with the Beetles.Americans had the first influence on the British?when the U. S. Rock and Roll and Blue bands found their way overseas. Young adults in England then became interested in combining both the United States and British Cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock and Roll and Rolling Stones or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result of the American social, factors political, and music situations, the Rolling Stones and the Beetles were able to have a grand entrance with the introduction of their music into the United States. These social, political, and music situations were crucial when considering both of the bands popularity.Beginning with the American social situations, the 1 asss in America was a decade creating a new era. Before the ass, America was filled with hatred, violence, and slavery. In the early 1 asss, the Beetles attempted to take over the U. S. Charts with songs such as Please, Please, Me, From Me to You, and She Loves You, but quickly failed. The united States was caught in a panic on November 22, 1963, the day that John F. Kennedy was shot. Americans, lost and in a state of mourning were not sure what to believe, so they turned to music.The Beetles took full advantage of this situation, and the Americans took to their upbeat music; a perfect cure for Americas depression. The Vietnam War, from 1955-1975 was a major focus with music. The idea of make love, not war came to light, and the song Revolution, written by John Lennox, was a response to the war. As a result of this movement, many Americans who believed in the Vietnam war began to see it as unjust. During this time period, The Rolling Stones released a song by the name of Street Fighting Man which agreed with the Battles and Americans point of view,

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Pelican Facts

Pelican Facts There are eight living species of pelicans (Pelecanus species) on our planet, all of which are water birds and water carnivores that feed on live fish in coastal regions and/or interior lakes and rivers. The most common in the United States are the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) and the Great White (P. anocratalus). Pelicans are members of Pelecaniformes, a group of birds that also includes the blue-footed booby, tropicbirds, cormorants, gannets, and the great frigate bird. Pelicans and their relatives have webbed feet and are well adapted to catching fish, their primary food source. Many species dive or swim underwater to capture their prey. Fast Facts: Pelicans Scientific Name: Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, P. occidentalis, P. thagus, P. onocrotalu, P. conspicullatus, P. rufescens, P. crispus, and P.philippensisCommon Names: American white pelican, brown pelican, Peruvian pelican, great white pelican, Australian pelican, pink-backed pelican, Dalmatian pelican and spot-billed pelicanBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: Length: 4.3–6.2 feet; wingspan: 6.6-11.2 feetWeight: 8–26 poundsLifespan: 15–25 years in the wildDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Found on all continents except Antarctica, near coastlines or large inland waterwaysPopulation: Estimates only available for two near-threatened species: Spot-billed, (8700–12,000) and Dalmation (11,400–13,400)Conservation Status: Dalmatian, spot-billed, and Peruvian pelicans are classed as Near-Threatened; all other species are Least Concern Description All pelicans have two webbed feet with four toes, all of which are connected by the web (known as the totipalmate foot). All of them have large bills with an obvious gular pouch (throat pouch) which they use for catching fish and draining water. Gular sacs are also used for mating displays and regulating body temperature. Pelicans have large wingspans- some over 11 feet- and are masters in the air and on the water.   A great white pelican uses its gular pouch to capture a fish. Michael Allen Siebold / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution   Pelicans are found on all of the continents of the world except Antarctica. DNA studies have shown that pelicans can be grouped into three branches: Old World (spot-billed, pink-backed, and Australian pelicans), New World (brown, American White, and Peruvian); and the Great White. The American white is restricted to interior parts of Canada; the brown pelican is found along the western coast and Florida coasts of the United States and northern South America. The Peruvian pelican clings to the Pacific coastlines of Peru and Chile. They are fish eaters that thrive near rivers, lakes, deltas, and estuaries; some are confined to coastal regions while others range near large interior lakes.   Diet and Behavior   All pelicans eat fish, and they hunt for them singly or in groups. They scoop up fish in their beaks and then drain the water from their pouches before swallowing their prey- which is when gulls and terns attempt to steal the fish from their beaks. They can also dive into the water at great speed to capture their prey. Some of the pelicans migrate large distances, others are mostly sedentary.   Pelicans are social creatures who nest in colonies, sometimes as many as thousands of pairs. The largest of the species- the largest ones, Great White, American White, Australian, and Dalmation- build nests on the ground while the smaller ones nest in trees or shrubs or on cliff ledges. The nests vary in size and complexity.   Pelicans Diving for fish. Jean-Yves Bruel / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring   Pelican breeding schedules vary with the species. Breeding may occur annually or every two years; some occur in specific seasons or occur year round. The eggs vary in coloration by species from chalky white to reddish to pale green or blue. Mother pelicans lay eggs in clutches that vary with the species, from one to six at once; and the eggs incubate for a period between 24 and 57 days.   Both parents take a role in feeding and tending the chicks, feeding them regurgitated fish. Many of the species have post-fledgling care that can last as long as 18 months. Pelicans take between three and five years to reach sexual maturity.   Pink-backed Pelican (Pelecanus rufescens) can be found in Okavango Delta, Botswana. Dave Hamman / Getty Images Conservation Status   The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers most pelican species of least concern. Population estimates are available for two near-threatened species: In 2018, the spot-billed pelican was estimated by the IUCN as between 8700 and 12,000 individuals), and the Dalmatian pelican at between 11,400 and13,400. Currently, the American white and Peruvian are known to be increasing in population while the spot-billed and Dalmatian are decreasing, and the Australian and pink-backed are stable. The Great White Pelican has not been counted recently. Although brown pelicans were listed as endangered during the 1970s and 1980s because of pesticides that had entered their food chains, the populations have recovered and they are no longer considered endangered. Evolutionary History The eight living pelicans belong to the order Pelecaniformes. Members of the Order Pelecaniformes include pelicans, tropicbirds, boobies, darters, gannets, cormorants, and frigate birds. There are six families and about 65 species in the Order Pelecaniformes. Early Pelecaniformes appeared during the end of the Cretaceous period. There is some controversy whether or not Pelecaniformes all share common descent. Recent studies suggest that some shared characteristics among the various pelecaniform subgroups are the result of convergent evolution. Sources Brown pelican. National Wildlife Federation, Wildlife Guide, Birds.Pelicans. IUCN Red List.  Kennedy, Martyn, Hamish G. Spencer, and Russell D. Gray. Hop, Step and Gape: Do the Social Displays of the Pelecaniformes Reflect Phylogeny? Animal Behaviour 51.2 (1996): 273-91. Print.Kennedy, Martyn, et al. The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Extant Pelicans Inferred from DNA Sequence Data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66.1 (2013): 215-22. Print.Patterson, S.A., J.A. Morris-Pocock, and V. L. Friesen. A Multilocus Phylogeny of the Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58.2 (2011): 181-91. Print.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Behaviour Management in Classrooms

Behaviour Management in Classrooms Teachers face several challenges while teaching young children. One of the major challenges teachers need to adjust to while teaching in the early years of schooling is to be able to effectively manage the behaviour of students in a classroom setting. Teachers need to have realistic expectations of the appropriate behaviours that students can display in the classroom to ensure that effective and conducive learning takes place. Teachers spend most of their time in classrooms with students. Thus, it is important that they are able to successfully ascertain behaviour management strategies that will ensure classroom environments that are nurturing and marked with high levels of achievement. (Charles, C, 1996, pg 205) Therefore, it can be seen that behaviour management is an extremely imperative aspect in both the life of the teachers and students. Behaviour management refers to the actions and strategies of teachers to prevent and respond to inappropriate behaviour of students as well a s to enhance self discipline among students. (Walker, J.E. and Shea, T.M, 1999 pg7) Inappropriate behaviour in classrooms may refer to students ‘fighting, swearing, disrupting class activities for no reason, displaying loud and disorderly conduct and inept or misuse of equipment.’ (Walker, J.E. and Shea, T.M, 1999 pg 10) This kind of negative behaviour can cause distress, chaos and disruptions in learning especially for those who are keen to enjoy the learning. (Walker, J.E. and Shea, T.M, 1999 pg 10) Hence, it is fundamental that teachers develop an appropriate framework to manage the student’s behaviour. This is as the way in which behaviour is managed by teachers has a major influence on how the students will behave in the future. According to research, being able to successfully manage the behaviour of students in the early years ensures good academic learning to occur as there is a relationship between intellectual outcomes and behaviour. (McInerney, D, 1998 pg 108) There are three reasons for this. The first is that a student who is responsible would adhere to certain student requirements such as paying attention and completing work on time. (McInerney, D, 1998 pg 108) These are qualities fundamental to great academic achievement. Secondly, students who behave well will develop positive interactions with teachers and their peers. (McInerney, D, 1998 pg 108) Having a good relationship with the teacher will enhance a student’s learning process as teachers seem to give less attention to students who misbehave.( McInerney, D, 1998 pg 108) Furthermore, a strong rapport among peers, especially peers who value education augments students’ motivation to achieve. (McInerney, D, 1998 pg 108) Thirdly, students who are motivated to behave in an appropriate and socially responsible manner will be motivated to engage well in their academic work. (McInerney, D, 1998 pg 109) Instilling discipline and good learning skills in students is also essential. These lifelong skills which when imbibed at an early age will help the students to become good citizens in the future who will be disciplined in their working and adult life. Furthermore, having effective behaviour management strategies in place will result in a classroom environment that is conducive to learning and development as well as result in students understanding and developing appropriate behaviour.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Networking Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Networking - Coursework Example For example, security needs may entail authentication, encryption security levels and modes of detecting intrusion. Additionally, the costs involved in the three mediums are difficult to contrast due to the different costs involved such as- acquisition costs, installation costs and maintenance costs. For an entrepreneur who wants to establish a global satellite radio system, I would begin with using at least two GEO satellites strategically placed above the globe. This would enable the satellites to transmit signals to the radio satellite receivers. Additionally, the entrepreneur would have no interference since the satellites are placed directly above the earth and would orbit continuously. The frequency of the transmission would range from 5GHz to around 30GHz. A synchronous connection can be likened to a lift that stops every floor to allow people on and off from the ground floor to the tenth floor. The first four floors refer to the input messages, while the next six floors are responsible for producing data. The network chosen is a local LAN, which is wirelessly connected and also through coaxial cables. If additional media is required, a USB cable can be used for connecting to the network. In some instances, one may want to use an external hard drive. In such instances, the hard drive is connected either via the USB or

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Managing Business Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Business Operations - Assignment Example It also suggests strategies that can be applied by the senior management within the organization to reduce and improve on costs. The concept of operations management is mandatory in businesses as it is concerned with the creation of goods and services (Slack, Chambers and Johnston 2010). All organizations are involved in the manufacture of goods or service whether the organization is small- scale or large- scale, public or private profit- making or non- profit making. Most businesses have come to understand the importance of operations. This is owing to the fact that effective operations management enables a company to improve quality and service delivery. Operations management touches on all aspects of the business, not just on ‘operations’ (Slack et al. 2009). It is the centre of changes affecting businesses in the contemporary world including changing supply networks, technology and diverse customer needs. Operations managers should be creative to enable them respond to these changes. They must find solutions to these changes and be socially responsible. Analysis of the current operations management The hospital is regarded as one of the best health care centers in the US and attracts patients all over the world. As a characteristic for quality, its mission is to redefine quality as being the top place to receive and purchase health care. The hospital provides best environment for theirs staff to work and practice medicine. It has also positioned itself as the best organization to associate with. The institution was started nearly 85 years ago by a young Swedish emigrant known as Dr Nils Johanson as a non- profit hospital in Seattle. Fellow Swedish emigrants contributed to buy bonds for the renovation of the building in which the hospital was established. During its first years of operations, the founders paid for the costs of operations out of the pockets. This was the advent of a legacy of humanitarians that transformed the hospital into a glo bal health centre. In order to get an understanding of the current operations management, it is critical to look at the aspects below as expressed by Johnston and Clark (2008). Process- based capabilities The hospital focuses on developing systems that improve and reduce costs. There are innovative surgical pathways that direct the patients from the pre- admission to rehabilitation. They focus on patient education and communication which makes patients feel at control, it also minimizes complications and gives them quick recovery (Johnston and Clark 2008). The hospital has the necessary technology and facilities allowing the doctors to undertake research and new techniques. Resources The hospital has a wide range of resources that aid in delivery of excellent medical care. In the first years of operations, it was established in a renovated apartment building, had twenty for beds and limited staff. This has changed as the hospital is spread across twenty four blocks and two campuses. The number of beds has also increased to 860. The hospital currently has 4000 staff members with 1500 physicians in all medical specialties. The hospital maintains a continuing medical research in its commitment to maintain excellence as suggested by Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (2003). There are more than 350 treatment protocols under investigation at any specific time. Patients who

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Provide Displays in Schools Essay Example for Free

Provide Displays in Schools Essay The school’s setting on displays show that displays are allowed on the walls in the classrooms, corridors, in the school hall and sometimes in the offices. By having displays up around the school it gives the children a sense of achievement and the children will feel valued. Also by having displays up on the walls in the school, it makes the school look brighter, and more cheerful. The policy on displays includes that the display should create awareness and give information. It should give information on what ever subject it has been based on. The display should have a clear title and name tags of who ever made the display, which shows the achievement of the child or class. Other pupils should learn from these displays and gain knowledge or experience. The children should always have an input with the displays, including colour, pattern and design of the display because this will get them working together and they will gain experience. A teacher or teaching assistant will decide where to put the display, and make sure that it is an appropriate place to put it, to make sure it is safe. The health and safety of the staff, pupils and visitors should be taken into consideration of the location of the display, just in case things stick out of this display because it may cause harm to someone. You should laminate the paper before sticking it on and blue tack should be used instead of pins because it is a lot safer and cleaner. The staff must be aware of the object on the display that could cause harm to someone. Someone should take regular inspection of the display just in case something has broken and is hanging off or has fallen to the floor, causing a health risk. It’s important to have displays in the school because it shows a sense of pride and appreciation of the children work, because nothing shows you like and appreciate someone’s work than hanging it so everyone can see it. The children will feel their work is thought of and valued. Also by having displays on the wall, they don’t go unnoticed which means when a display has had it’s time and needs to be updated, you can’t ignore it. It also means that you have to look after the display so it keeps a good example on the school and makes the people who made it look good. Displays can decorative and make a classroom look a lot more interesting and brighter. This can directly impact a pupil into a having a positive state of mind, helping a pupil try harder and complete work and learn, all from the motivation of a display. In general when you pass something everyday you tend to notice the details about it, so when you pass a big colourful display in the corridor you will gain more knowledge about it everyday. I think this benefits a child’s learning in the school. The risk assessment of the display is always important because you need to think of a lot of different things to ensure the staff, pupil and visitors safety. The first thing you need to think of is; where is the display? Is it in a suitable area where it will not damage or injure anyone? Another question you need to ask yourself is; what is on the display? You need to ensure that there is nothing on the display that is sharp, could burn or injure. It shouldn’t be able to dislodge, shouldn’t belong to anyone but you, it can’t be poisonous and it should not rot. You need to asses how things are fixed to the display because they should not be able to dislodge. You also need to think of who will interact with the display, for example a small child could be very interested in the display, but there could be heavy object attached to it. Therefore you will need to ensure the child’s safety by either not including this heavy object on the display, or putting it high enough and stable enough out of the child’s reach.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Forgotten Female in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Biograp

The Forgotten Female in the Works of Hemingway      Ã‚  Ã‚   Ernest Hemingway has often been accused of misogyny in his treatment of female characters (and, perhaps, in his treatment of women in his own life). "It is not fashionable these days to praise the work of Ernest Hemingway," says Frederick Busch. "His women too often seem to be projections of male needfulness" (1). Many of his stories are seen as prototypical bildungsroman stories--stories, usually, of young men coming of age. There are few, if any, stories in the canon of women coming of age, however, and Hemingway is not the first to suffer the wrath of feminist critics. But is this wrath justified?    In his dissertation, Mark G. Newton reviews some of the critical literature that places Hemingway within the misogynist genre. "Cliches [sic] abound," he says. "Hemingway was in search of his manhood (an ignoble quest?); he hated women; he had a "death wish" and a "thin persona"; he was the archpriest of violence, etc." (6). However, Newton sees women in Hemingway's works as the "positive life-directed force which transports the male Hemingway hero away from a debilitating wound" (2), and he places them into "[t]he roles manifested by Hemingway's women in aiding the hero": "Ideal Women," "Sister Guides," "Icons and Dream Visions," "Wicked Women Who Also Serve," "Feminine Points of View," and "Full Cycle." My problem with Newton's approach to the feminine in Hemingway is that Newton seems to accept that, in presenting women as archetypal Eve's, the woman as "help-meet"-type image, that Hemingway is somehow presenting women favorably.    A somewhat similar view is presented by Jeryl J. Prescott in "Liberty for Just(Us): Gender and Race in ... ... of Melville, Twain, and Hemingway. New York: Peter Lang, 1984. Kennedy, J. Gerald. "Hemingway's Gender Trouble." American Literature 63:2 (1991): 187-207. Miller, Linda Patterson. "Hemingway's Women: A Reassessment." Hemingway in Italy and Other Essays. Ed. Robert W,. Lewis. Praeger, 1990. Newton, Mark G. Beyond the Wound: The Role of Women in Aiding the Hemingway Hero. Dissertation: U of S. Florida, 1985. Penn Warren, Robert. "Ernest Hemingway," Introduction to Modern Standard Authors edition of A Farewell to Arms. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1949. Prescott, Jeryl J. "Liberty for Just(us): Gender and Race in Hemingway's To Have and Have Not." College Language Association Journal 37:2 (1993): 176-88. Willingham, Kathy. "Hemingway's The Garden of Eden: Writing with the Body." The Hemingway Review 12:2 (1993): 46-61.   

Monday, November 11, 2019

Benihana vs Broadway Pizza

Characteristics and Issues| Benihana of Tokyo| Broadway Pizza| Conflicts & Lessons| Competitive Advantage| * Low cost (competitor) * Labor cost * Strategic Marketing * Low waste * Lower overhead| * Use of technology * Family oriented| Rocky Aoki was able to keep labor, food, beverage and facility costs lower than traditional restaurant design using hibachi grills, a new service innovation. This service innovation however, did require higher marketing costs, as the American public had never experienced this dining model.Broadway Pizza viewed their competitive advantage as their ability to combine family oriented robot entertainment and dining under one roof. This turned out not be a competitive advantage as the breakeven costs was too high. | Order Qualifier/ Winners| * Food prepared in front of customer * Community dinning * Cooking was entertainment | * Quality food * Child focused atmosphere * Interactive * Multiple dining locations| The order winners for Benihana are their communi ty dining style, chefs cooking in front of and providing entertainment to patrons.This showed that enjoy eating and being entertained at the same time. This same idea of being entertained while eating defined Broadway Pizza’s order winners as their family focused robotic entertainment drew in patrons. | Competitive Priorities| * Innovative * Cost * Time * Quality (chefs)| * Innovative * Flexibility * Quality * Cost| The competitive priorities for Benihana were to increase efficiency in the traditional restaurant model by using innovation to cut costs i. e.Hibachi and Umbrella drinks and using highly trained skilled labor to ensure customer service. Broadway Pizza also placed competitive priority on innovation by adding robotic entertainment to a family restaurant, however the lesson to be learned is that Broadway pizza innovated for the sake of innovation there was no benefit to the shareholders. Benihana innovated as a cost saving mechanism and increased profits. | Operation s Strategy| * Limited menu * Skilled labor & management * System and service exec. Max utilization * Food prep| * Bring families together * Family menu * Inexpensive entertainment * Variety of entertainment| Benihana operations strategy decreased costs and allowed for maximization of resources while Broadway pizza strategy was to entertain people with a lack of focus on cost metrics. | Mission| * To provide ding and quality entertainment while reducing costs| * Combining robotic entertainment and food service under one roof| The main difference between Benihana and Broadway pizza is the focus on cost.Both wanted to provide a combined dining and entertainment service| Location| * Urban * Metropolitan| * Areas with high and dense family populations| Benihana’s locations were well thought out and planned in large cities with densely populated areas. Building Benihana’s in large cities allowed the staff to assimilate with American’s- and therefore helped with the ap peal and recruiting of Japanese staff. Broadway Pizza did not have a plan for choosing its’ locations, other than driving around and looking for vacated space in family neighborhoods.This led to a much smaller market segment per store. | Service Scape| * Authentic Japanese experience * Novelty Dining * Relaxed atmosphere (umbrella drink)| * Parents enjoy seeing their children happy * Multiple robotic programs to ensure a new experience each visit| Benihana restaurants were decorated by Japanese carpenters using authentic Japanese decor and materials. This provided guests with the sites and ambiance of being in Japan.Additionally, this hibachi communal-style dining was the first of its kind in the US which provided for a novelty restaurant for families, singles, and group gatherings. Offering a limited menu but a variety of drink options leaves the atmosphere to be fun, entertaining and relaxing. Broadway Pizza’s robots were programmed with multiple songs to ensure that a new experience was had during repeat visits. Keeping the entertainment fresh kept children interested, and parents willing to become repeat visitors. |Layout| * Customer flow from bar to dining area * Two hibachi grills next to each other * Small kitchen * Standard design using authentic Japanese materials/artifacts | * Multiple rooms offering unique dining and entertainment * Stressful environment due to low visibility of children * No standard design| Rocky knew that something was wrong when he opened his first Benihana restaurant in regards to layout design. The bar was not big enough to hold waiting customers, but he got it right after the third try and continued the model in the following store openings.Having 2 hibachi grills next to each other allowed for efficient cooking for the chef and quick service for customers. Small kitchens opened up dining space, and the interior being authentic made for a nice atmosphere. BP did not have a standard design for each of it’s location, and always ended up with a stressful environment. With floor to ceiling walls separating â€Å"rooms†, visibility was low and safety a concern. Although the space offered multiple entertaining options, it was not ideal for family togetherness and safety. Job process and design| * Chef controls dining flow * Food prepared before reaching chef * Front men maximize table utilization | * Mangers control technology and food services * Invested in quick serving pizza ovens to ensure customer satisfaction| Each person in BH played a specific role in the flow of customers through the system. The front men greeted and served umbrella drinks, and ensured that groupings of 8 were rounded up and ready to sit-to maximize capacity and utilization.Simple menus made for quick food prep, and prepared for the chef so he could take the cart for more than 1 table and go. BP installed quick cooking pizza ovens reducing wait times and increasing customer satisfaction. What kind of manag ers should be hired for BP? Hospitality or food? A lost vision and identity in this regard made it difficult for staff to have efficient control, while additionally needing a staff person who understands robot technology. Technology and Information Support Systems| * Recruiting and training of staff | * Programmable robots * Arcade games * Quick oven| BH had a strict process for the recruiting and training of its staff, with ads recruiting experienced chefs to go through a specific 15wk training with approved BH teachers. BP was mostly technology based, with arcade games, robot shows (each with multiple programs), and upgraded cooking tools (6min pizzas). This structure required another manager or staff person to focus solely on technology in each store. Organization structure| * Simple management structure * Three man corporate structure * Franchise * Certified chefs| * Complicated corporate structure * Poorly defined roles * Lack of hiring structure| Benihana implemented an organi zational structure that implemented control and focus on specific roles and operated those roles with efficiency to improve cost. Chef’s managed and operated while corporate focused on the big picture. Broadway implemented a complicated structure that was hard to follow and had poorly defined roles which led to a lack of control. Customer Contact , behavior, skills| * Highly interactive * Trained employees to combine skilled labor and defined service management skills * Trained in American culture| * Technology interactive with scheduled shows * Sufficient service management skills| The main focus of Benihana was to provide superior service management from both the front room employees and back room. This provided a full experience from the certified chefs to the experienced support staff. Broadway Pizza developed a strategy to use interactive technology with scheduled shows and service management skills that provided positive customer service scores. Service provider selecti on, development, and empowerment| * Employees certified and trained in American culture * Only Japanese employees * Low turn-over rate * Employees have the ability to be promoted * Chef controls speed of dinner * Front men responsible for table utilization which directing effects bottom line profits| * Did not know what industry to source management candidates from * Specialized robotic technicians * No defined corporate ladder| Based on the success of Benihana, they have created an environment for their employees that stimulate a positive work environment, low turn-over rates and higher utilization rates for the entire company. Broadway Pizza wanted to provide a service for both entertainment and food but from the high turn-over rates and no room for corporation growth, Broadway was unable to recruit the right candidates for the positions. | Recognition and reward| * Real world benefits * Certifications * Work Visa * Education/ Training | * N/A| Having the right recognition for Ben ihana’s employees has kept them from losing qualified chefs through offering visa’s to work and also education opportunities they might not have otherwise had access to.Based on Broadways performance it was clear that they implemented no recognition or rewards which led to the high turn-over rates. | Service Recovery and guarantees| * Guaranteed authentic Japanese atmosphere including building materials and staff * Studied service upsets and used data in creation of new locations| * Guaranteed robotic functionality| Benihana has guaranteed its service based around the authentic Japanese experience with the use of hibachi grills as well as authentic materials and staff. Benihana has also implemented strategies to deal with past difficulties and the use of data to pick correct new locations. Broadway Pizza offers its core strategy which is to offer a dining experience that offers a robotic experience. |

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Social Science Analysis

Social Science AnalysisEducational Technology represents an interesting extension of Education as a societal scientific discipline. Though instruction is anchored in decennaries of scientific survey and analysis, educational engineering is in its babyhood as a societal scientific discipline. As Sayer ( 1992 ) reminds us, societal scientific disciplines are hard to analyze due to the big figure of variables and the troubles in insulating variables when experimentation is attempted on a societal group or in a societal scene ( p.3 ) . To this terminal, one must see whether educational engineering qualifies to be recognized a ‘science ‘ at all. In general footings, ‘science ‘ is defined as ‘the systematic survey of the universe around us ‘ . The American Physical Society ( 1999 ) further delineates scientific discipline as an entity that â€Å"extends and enriches our lives, expands our imaginativeness and liberates us from the bonds of ignorance and superstition† through experimentation/testing of Torahs and theories. In scientific discipline, cognition is gathered, organized, and condensed so that it may be farther tested to turn out or confute the work of others. Science involves the attachment to structured rules of survey ( scientific method ) , communicating between scientists, reproduction of experiments, and the credence of information that disproves before recognized theories or decisions based on new observations or decisions. Scientists must be willing to openly and candidly supply methods, processs, and informations to maintain scientific survey ethical, dependable, and believable. Based upon the definition and rules of scientific discipline, the field of educational engineering meets some but non all standards of scientific discipline. While educational research ( in general ) seeks to quantify the consequences of new attacks, course of studies, or even bing methods, there is trouble in retroflexing research due to the societal nature of the acquisition environment. Often, consequences vary from schoolroom to classroom or twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours as can be observed on pupil appraisals. Educational Technology is, hence, excessively ‘new ‘ to be evaluated as a scientific discipline since research workers are still in the ‘information assemblage and analysis ‘ phase. Though the scientific discipline of acquisition and the art of learning have been studied extensively, the job with educational engineering is that it is viewed more as a tool to learn other topics than as its ain separate field of survey. For this ground, much of the research conducted has focused on the effectivity of a bringing medium for larning instead than instructional schemes that use engineering in instruction ( Reeves, Herrington, and Oliver, 2005 ) . Clark & A ; Mayer ( 2007 ) postulate that it is the instructional scheme instead than the bringing medium that determines larning results ( p.21 ) . Hence, until educational engineering embraces the ‘method ‘ instead than the ‘medium ‘ of engineering integrating, it will stay on the peripheries of scientific discipline and scientific survey. In order create a deeper credence of educational engineering among data-driven decision makers, educational engineering will necessitate to supply a greater sense of dependability through proving that can be replicated in any schoolroom. It is imperative that educational engineering be studied from the instructor ‘s position if it is to be efficaciously relied upon in schools and schoolrooms. Researching educational engineering for its offering of new media, appliances, and devices is the equivalent of purchasing a auto without trial drive it. Some educational engineerings may work better than others in certain scenes or with certain particular conditions but be wholly uneffective if non decently applied or instituted by the teacher. Web 2.0 tools and their societal deductions in instruction will non be trusted by pedagogues and decision makers until research is able to supply assurance that educational benefits exist through following these tools in the instructional procedure in a systematic mode that will bring forth an expected result as a consequence of applied instructional schemes and methodological analysiss. As a research worker, I will seek to make full the nothingness by utilizing the available research and informations to bring forth methodological analysiss for work outing jobs instead than merely supplying more informations that is merely focused on educational engineering tools.MentionsAmerican Physical Society ( 1992 ) . Ethics & A ; Values / Education: 99.6 â€Å" What is scientific discipline? â€Å" Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aps.org/policy/statements/99_6.cfm on 12-20-09. Clark, R. C. and Mayer, R. ( 2007 ) . E-learning and the scientific discipline of direction: proved guidelines for consumers. Malden, MA: John Wiley and Sons. Reeves, T.C. , Herrington, J. , and Oliver, R. ( 2005 ) . Design Research: A Socially Responsible Approach to Instructional Technology Research in Higher Education. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 16 ( 2 ) , 96-115. Sayer, A. ( 1992 ) . Method in societal scientific discipline. New York: Routledge.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Henri Matisse Le femme au chapau essays

Henri Matisse Le femme au chapau essays The atmosphere in the Museum of Modern Art was very tranquil, the lights arent too bright, and the wall itself looked like a piece of artwork. Id been walking around the museum for a while and I finally saw a piece of painting that was what Id been expecting to find. It was located in a big room with many other paintings and artwork surrounding it. Femme au Chapeau (lady with a hat) by Henri Matisse was painted in 1905. It is 31 3/4 in. x 23 1/2 in. (80.65 cm x 59.69 cm) and is oil on canvas. The style of this painting is realistic and is naturalistic. This painting is of a woman sitting down and shes holding a cane. She is wearing a very large fancy hat, she appears to be attractive and her facial expression looks melancholy and desolate. She looks like shes in her early twenties, she has red hair and big brown eyes, and her eyebrows are thick as they arch over her big brown eyes. Shes wearing a very nice dress, something only upper middle class to upper class people wear during that time. The colours are very cool even though this painting is polychromatic. Although she is recognizable, the background is not. The background appears to be abstract expressionism. It is composed of blotches of colors, these blotches almost look like squares as if they were organized. The colors in the back ground are shades of pink, blue, yellow, red, green, and purple. These are such pretty colours, it suggests happiness and beauty. She is holding a cane, or rather resting her hand on it. She must have trouble walking or maybe that is something rich people do, walk around with canes. Her hat is very glamorous and it looks like there are fruits and flowers on it. Her hat looks very dark against the bright, light colored background. It looks nice, it makes her hat stand out very much. The tone of this painting befuddles me. I cant tell whether this is a happy painting or a sad painting. The colours...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Bayeux Tapestry Experience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bayeux Tapestry Experience - Assignment Example I must admit that I was intimidated by the amount of bloodshed I witnessed but had to carry on with the battle in support of our leader, Duke William. Before the battle, Duke William learned that Harold had accidentally landed in Count Guy of Ponthieu’s territory and taken prisoner, he sent messages for his release. On a noble gesture, the Duke sent messages for Harold’s release to Count Guy. After the release, Count Guy brought Harold to William, who made him take an oath and join us in campaigning against the Bretons. Both our team and Harold’s staged a brave fight that led Duke William to honoring Harold with armor. William then released Harold, who returned to England and met King Edward. Harold was then crowned King following the death of King Edward. However, I know the comet that was sighted during Harold’s coronation was a bad omen, and it meant the throne did not belong to him (Foys, 2009). All of us under the leadership of Duke Williams believe t he throne rightfully belongs to him (William), so we planned to invade the Normans with the help of Bayeux’s Bishop Odo, who is also the Duke’s half brother. We loaded our ships with food, drinks and armor, and dressed in battle gear. The Duke led us across the channel, carrying wooden castles and horses on the ships. When we landed in England at Sussex near Hastings, we prepared a feast and Bishop Odo said grace. We burnt a house in the village after the feast to demonstrate our purpose on invasion, then put up a motte and bailey to secure our position at Hastings (Hicks, 2006). I delivered a message of war from the Duke to the Harold’s camp, and he took up the challenge. I was only a messenger then, so I was not taken hostage by Harold’s soldiers. Our Duke then gave us a speech preparing us for war against Harold. On the 14th October, we began the long Battle of Hastings. I and my fellow soldiers fought on horseback the whole day, while the English, mos t of whom were Saxons and fought on foot, shielded themselves behind a wall. I saw a lot of blood on the ground, but was encouraged by Bishop Odo who gave encouragement by continuously waving us on with a baton. As a cleric, he is not permitted to shed blood (Bernau & Bildhauer, 2007). He, therefore, could not carry a sword like the rest of us. I soon saw the bodies of two knights, Gyrth and Leofwine, who are also Harold’s brothers, lying lifeless on the ground. The number of dismembered bodies and horses littering the battlefield grew, and our Duke occasionally raised his helmet to reassure us of his safety by showing his face. I saw both English and Norman army uniforms on the ground, which meant that some of our soldiers were also injured and killed. Our troops finally managed to surround Harold. I saw him lying on the ground with an arrow through his right eye before he was hacked to death using swords. At the sight of their dead king, most of his army fled as we disarmed the ones we had captured. We eventually gained victory at the Battle of Hastings. As we celebrate our victory and explore the English land, I would like you to understand that Duke William deserves to be king because his father, Robert the Magnificent, was also a Duke of Normandy. William himself has been Duke since he was seven years old, and by the time he was 19 years old, he was already in charge of Normandy. Further, King Edward does not have any

Saturday, November 2, 2019

International and Comparative Human Resources Management Essay

International and Comparative Human Resources Management - Essay Example Choy (2007) suggests that the increasing role of multinational HR managers as trainers, counsellors, guides, and succession organizers is increasingly becoming irreversible. The role of HR managers is also sidling towards promoting and championing the ideals, ethics, concepts, and spiritual elements of their multinational organizations, especially with regard to handling cultural diversity at the workplace (Choy, 2007). HR managers for multinational companies grapple with numerous challenges in their line of duty, problems brought about by globalization (Mongiello, and Harris, 2006). These include; workplace diversity, low employee morale and productivity; and complicated planning options in certain markets. However, with an open and strategic approach to management, the managers can show effective leadership for their organization and manage the resources well (Choy, 2007). Globalization Globalization has tailored the significance of HR management in multinationals to reflect the to wering global scope and value (Escobar and Vredenburg 2011). Today’s HR managers have to deal with the transfer of workforces and responsibilities across countries. Additionally, globalization has enhanced the need for human resources to interact with sophisticated technologies in order to accomplish various HR tasks: these include; ensuring more competition among skilled employees at all organizational levels; more convoluted and strategic talent sourcing and nurturing pipelines (Jain, and Singh, 2013). In particular Darrag, Ahmed, and Hadia (2010) have noted the presence of a highly rigorous advertising, communication among various corporate fields and... This essay stresses that an effective HR manager of a multinational should apply controls and measure the outcomes of each employee’s productivity. Such a manager ought to carry out organizational appraisals on issues like remuneration, benefits, and condition of the workplace environment among other issues on a regular basis to evaluate the status of the organization for long-term planning initiatives. Additionally, there is need to implement performance matrix for gauging the effects of cultural diversity programs on the business operations through feedbacks. This report makes a conclusion that the mandate of a HR manager should be tailored to suit the changing requirements of the organization in relation to the dynamic global market. An effective HR manager transforms his organization into a more adaptable, strong, and consumer-oriented business. Within such an environment, the leader must learn and deploy effective management strategies such as being able to plan, organize, lead and manage the human assets in an evolving and competitive market environment. To manage the challenges that couple the enforcement of various HR initiatives in multinational corporations, organizations should promote cross-cultural communication among the diverse workforce to achieve teamwork. It is important to also embrace technology as a way of improving better interaction with customers, employees, suppliers and shareholders.

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Literature - Essay Example the lower social status of Atieno as compared to the speaker, the power struggle between the speaker and Atieno and the misery of the characters represented. In focusing on the different social status of the characters represented in the poem, the critic will point out the various ways in which Atieno is essentially a slave to her older and more successful relative. This difference in social status equates to a significant difference in expected responsibilities as Atieno, at only 8 years old, is expected to perform all the basic functions of the house making it possible for the speaker’s wife, the child’s aunt, to sit all day and sew. This gives the impression that the wife’s chores are not as heavy or as tiring as those given to the niece. This kind of difference in expectations is what Marx points to when he indicates that the lower classes will rise up against perceived injustices in the division of labor to reward. The Marxist critic is also likely to focus on the apparent power struggle occurring between Atieno and the speaker as a result of these differences in labor expectations. The girl is covetous towards her cousins’ things, she â€Å"spends too long at market† (26) and is evidently given a place to sleep but not the same access to education that her cousins have. This idea is given voice as the speaker asks, â€Å"Don’t I keep her, school my own ones / Pay the party, union fee† (20-21). Because she has no power of her own and no real chance of escaping her situation, Atieno rebels against her system the only way she knows how. This speaks directly to Marx’s theory that when the laboring classes have finally had enough of capitalist gain being withheld, they will cease to perform until more equitable terms have been made available. Finally, the Marxist critic is likely to take a look at the misery of the lower classes as it is reflected in the lives of all the characters mentioned. Although Atieno is obviously the worse-off among

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Critical discuss empirical evidence supporting, or challenging, Essay

Critical discuss empirical evidence supporting, or challenging, Noelle-Neumann' s theory of Spiral of Silence - Essay Example In addition, the people experiencing the circumstance of the theory often fear to lose their position in the society because of their divergent views (Donsbach, Salmon and Tsfati, 2013). Secondly, persons fear of adverse isolation or reprisal in a particular group. The individuals fear that their contribution to the group might lead to a negative impact on the operations of the group. The theory further expounds that individuals have a "quasi-statistical organ" which enable them to what characters and contributions will lead to their isolation by the majority people in the group. According the theory, the closer an individual perceives the opinion held agrees to the prevailing opinion of the public, the more the likelihood of the person disclosing their opinion regarding the topic (Mutz, 1998). In this case, people in a particular group tend to embrace the opinion of the majority in the society regardless of their personal opinions about the issue. Additionally, if the opinion of the public changes regarding a particular concept, the individual realizes that their opinion does not agree with the overall opinion of the public. Consequently, they tend to minimize their contribution in various public forums in the society. The interpretations of the Theory of Spiral of Silence focus on various aspects of the society such as political, economic and religious contexts . People in the various social contexts fail to contribute to the affairs of the society because of the effects of spiral of silence (Donsbach, Salmon and Tsfati, 2013). The spiral of silence starts with an in the initial contribution by the affected person top various issues in the society. According to the principles of the Spiral of Silence, an individual experiences the effects of the concept after their first opinion fails to concur with the overall opinion of the public (Daschmann, 2000). On religious context, people fail to criticize

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Corporate Strategy Model

The Corporate Strategy Model Understanding the strategic position is concerned with identifying the impact on strategy of the external environment, an organizations strategic capability and the expectations and influence of stakeholders. The sort of questions this raises are central to future strategies. The Environment Environment plays an important role in building up the strategies and how it affects the organisation strategies and goals looking out for the opportunities and threats from the outer world. Therefore it is very important to evaluate the environmental impacts on the organization. The capabilities Capabilities depends upon the resources and competences within the organization. One way of thinking about the strategic capability of an organization is to consider its strengths and weaknesses. Look for the core competences and USPs which the competitors will find difficult to imitate. Purpose The major influences of stakeholder expectations is organizations purposes. Purpose is summarized in an organisations vision, mission and values. This is important since it clarifies who should the organization serve and how should it work. this reflects the corporate social responsibilities and ethics. Culture These influences directly either on organizational, sectoral or national. Corporate Governance Corporate Governance is concerned with the structures and systems of control by which managers are held accountable to those who have legitimate stake in an organization. (4) There are many other reason which has made its presence an important issue for the organization. Out of which the three main reasons are as follows; The separation of ownership and management control which means that the organization works with hierarchy or within the chain of governance. This chain basically represents those groups that influence an organization through their involvement in either ownership or management of an organization. Scandals by the corporate have increased a lot of public debate about different parties in the governance chain should interact and influence each other. Most notable here is the relationship between shareholders and the boards of businesses as well as relationship between government or public funding bodies and public sector organizations. Increased accountability to wider Stakeholder interests has also come to be increasingly advocated; in particular the argument that corporations need to be more visibly accountable and responsive , not only to owners and managers in the governance chain but to wider social interest. Governance Structure Strategic Purpose Social responsibility and ethics Stakeholder expectations Figure 4.0 Influences on strategic purpose (4) The governance chain explains completely the roles and relationships of different groups which are present in the governance of an organization. The chain is very simple to understand it is similar like a family tree. It has shareholders, family members, managers and a board. It is a large and publicly quoted organization with more investors layers as well. Hence good corporate governance can be achieved only if it is an embedded part of corporate life: part of the DNA of the organisation, its internal processes and the way it makes information available externally. In many countries most companies are run mostly for the benefit of the shareholders, the rightful owners. But there is another model, where companies are run for the benefit of other significant groupings as well such as customers, the general public or employees. This is the stakeholder model. Choosing a board for each of these models or something in between requires people with different backgrounds and outlooks. The following table compares the shareholder and stakeholder models: Shareholders Stakeholders Maximize shareholder value and look after shareholder interests Look after all stakeholder interests, especially public Seek profitability and efficiency Look for survival, long term growth, and stability Hard-nosed and commercial Less concerned with profit than value for money A Stakeholders mapping can be used appropriately to understand the stakeholders influence. Stakeholder mapping can define his expectations and power and helps in understanding political priorities. It emphasizes the importance of two issues: Interest of the stakeholder group on organizations purposes and choice of strategies Power of stakeholders to actually do it They are described in a quadrant of four different types based on level of interest and their power, as follows Non Profit Organizations A non-profit organization is an organization which does not distribute its surplus funds to owners or shareholders, but instead uses them to help pursue its goals. Examples of NPOs include charities (i.e. charitable organizations), trade unions, and public arts organizations. Most governments and government agencies meet this definition, but in most countries they are considered a separate type of organization and not counted as NPOs. They are in most countries exempt from income and property taxation. Profit Organizations An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, controls its own performance, and has a boundary separating it from its environment. It is a business which has a primary goal of making profit and a proposed goal such as helping the environment. Differences between Profit and Non-profit Organization Ownership is the quantitative difference between for- and not-for-profit organizations. For-profit organizations can be privately owned and may re-distribute taxable wealth to employees and shareholders. By contrast, not-for-profit organizations do not have owners. They have controlling members or boards, but these people cannot sell their shares to others or personally benefit in any taxable way. While they are able to earn a profit, more accurately called a surplus, such earnings must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion and future plans. Earnings may not benefit individuals or stake-holders. While some non-profit organizations put substantial funds into hiring and rewarding their internal corporate leadership, middle-management personnel and workers, others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives may work for no compensation. However, since the late 1980s there has been a growing consensus that nonprofits can achieve their corporate targets more effectively by using some of the same methods developed in for-profit enterprises. These include effective internal management, ensuring accountability for results, and monitoring the performance of different divisions or projects in order to better benefit from their capital and workers. Those require satisfied management and that, in turn, begins with the organizations mission There are a variety of perspectives, models and approaches used in strategic planning. The way that a strategic plan is developed depends on the nature of the organizations leadership, culture of the organization, complexity of the organizations environment, size of the organization, expertise of planners, etc. For example, there are a variety of strategic planning models, including goals-based, issues-based, organic, scenario (some would assert that scenario planning is more of a technique than model), etc. Goals-based planning is probably the most common and starts with focus on the organizations mission (and vision and/or values), goals to work toward the mission, strategies to achieve the goals, and action planning (who will do what and by when). Issues-based strategic planning often starts by examining issues facing the organization, strategies to address those issues and action plans. Organic strategic planning might start by articulating the organizations vision and values, an d then action plans to achieve the vision while adhering to those values. Some planners prefer a particular approach to planning, eg, appreciative inquiry. Some plans are scoped to one year, many to three years, and some to five to ten years into the future. Some plans include only top-level information and no action plans. Some plans are five to eight pages long, while others can be considerably longer. For-profit and nonprofit business plans have many similarities. For that reason, nonprofit personnel would benefit from reading the links in the section above, For-Profit Business Planning. Some of the terms are different, but in most cases they can readily be translated into words more commonly used in the nonprofit sector. For example, balance sheet is what nonprofit call a statement of financial position, profit and loss statement (or income statement) is essentially the same as a statement of financial activities, and so on. One of the key difference between a for profit and a non profit plan is the marketing section. In a for profit business, the served customers are generally those who provide the revenues needed to cover expenses and continue operations. For a non profit, often the served constituents do not provide this sustaining funding, and it must be sought from a third party donors. This means the marketing plan must describe both how the organization will communicate its services to its service target market and how it will communicate its need for funding to its funding target market. This means detailing these two separate marketing messages and two strategies for marketing. Another key difference is the non profit part of the business plan. Financial plans for a non profit do not have to show net profit, and, if they do, there must be some explanation of what those retained earnings will be used for. They cannot be distributed as dividends, as the organization is technically owned by the public and not by the directors or board. However, profits can be accumulated for the purposes of creating an endowment or capital fund for future expenditures. An accountant should be consulted for any decisions of this nature. International dimensions of strategic business management and planning Going global is one of the key visions of most of the organizations. Choosing globalization increases the option for the organizations range of products or services and how to manage across the borders. Through international strategy framework it becomes achievable in a better way. International strategy as the core theme, depends upon two things, the external environment and organizational capabilities. If you see the figure 6.0 it focuses more on internationalisation drivers and on the capabilities side it emphasises on international and national sources of advantage. Figure 6.0 International strategy framework Internationalisation drivers Market selection Sources of competitive advantage Mode of entry International Strategy (4) Market Drivers Similar customer needs Global customers Transferable marketing Internationalisation Drivers Figure 7.0 Internalisation Drivers International Strategies Cost Drivers Scale economic Country-specific differences Favorable logistics Government Drivers Trade Policies Technical Standards Host Government Policies Competitive Drivers Interdependence between countries Competitors global strategies (4) Market globalization drivers There is a general belief that several markets are converging around the world. There are several reasons for this. First, the convergence of Gross National Product (GNP) per capita in the developed world is leading to a convergence in markets sensitive to wealth and level of income such as passenger cars, television sets, and computers. Second, there is evidence to suggest that in some industries, customers tastes, perceptions, and buying behaviours are converging, and that the world is moving towards a single global market that is basically Western and, more specifically, North American. In a landmark article titled The globalization of markets Levitt (1983) predicted that globalization drivers such as new technology would lead to homogenization of consumer desires and needs across the world. He argued that this would happen because generally consumers would prefer standard products of high quality and low price to more customized but higher-priced products. Third, in the quest to build a global brand and company image, multinational firms are increasingly favouring a global standardization of marketing and advertising efforts. This does not mean identical marketing and advertising campaigns, but the use of similar themes that send the same message across the world. Recent developments in broadcast media, particularly direct-broadcast satellite and international media, are making this more possible. CNN, for example, broadcasts standard adverts around the world. Cost globalization drivers Several key cost drivers may come into play in determining an industry globalization level. One key factor is global scale economies. That is, the costs of producing a particular product or service are often subject to economies or dis-economies of scale. Generally, economies of scale arise when a product or a process can be performed more cheaply at greater volume than at lesser volume. This is often the case when the product or service is standardized; hence it becomes hard for multinational firms to differentiate themselves, and cost becomes key in achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage. Producing different products for different countries leads to higher cost per unit. This is because multinational firms serving countries with separate products may not be able to reach the most economic scale of production for each countrys unique product. Multinational firms could reduce the cost by using common parts and components produced in different countries. Another factor is sourcing efficiencies. Global sourcing efficiencies may push multinational firms towards a global strategy. The prices of key resources used in the production process have a strong impact on the cost of the product or service, the cost of inputs depends on the bargaining power of the firm with their suppliers. For example, large firms purchasing large volumes have more clout with their suppliers than their small rivals. Hewlett-Packard (HP) is a good example. In the past, country-level subsidiaries used to solicit bids for insurance coverage independently. Each subsidiary chose the local provider who bid less than the competition. However, HP now belongs to a global insurer-insured pool which provides rebates based on business volume. In addition, as noted earlier, some countries provide a cost advantage because of low cost of raw material, low cost of labour, or low cost of transport because of location. Thus multinational firms locate their activities in different countries to benefit from these advantages. Further, in sectors where transportation cost is low, closeness to customers is not important, and urgency to distribute the product is low, multinational firms tend to concentrate their production in large plants producing large-scale products. Finally, high cost of product development drives multinational firms to focus on core products that have universal appeal to control cost. Government globalization drivers Governments have different policies for different industries. While (as discussed above) the general trend is lower trade barriers and less regulation, for a few sectors trade barriers are prohibitive and highly regulated by governments. In addition to trade barriers and regulations, technical standards are becoming similar around the world. For example, several countries have accepted new international accounting norms and standards. In Europe, the International Accounting Standards (IAS) are quickly becoming the norm. This will allow direct cross-border comparison of financial statements, and facilitate communication between subsidiaries and the centre. Companies like Nokia, the Allianz group, and Novartis are working to bring about a convergence of US accounting standards with IAS. Competitive drivers Because of tight interlinks between key world markets, intense competition across countries, and the continuous increase in the number of global competitors, multinational firms are adopting a globally centred rather than nationally centred strategy. According to George Yip, the increase in interactions between competitors from different countries requires a globally integrated strategy to monitor moves by competitors in different countries. He notes that by pursuing a global strategy, competitors create competitive interdependence among countries. This interdependence forces multinational firms to engage in competitive battles and to subsidize attacks in different countries. Cross-subsidization is only possible if the multinational firm has a global strategy that monitors competitors centrally rather than on a country-by-country basis. Globalized competitors drive industries to adopt a global strategy. Yip noted that when major competitors, especially first movers, use a global strategy to introduce customers to global products, late movers adopt the same strategy so as to achieve economies of scale or scope and other benefits associated with adopting a global strategy. Last, the ability to transfer competitive advantage globally drives multinationals to adopt a global strategy. For example, IKEA succeeded in transferring its locally developed advantage to a global market. Conversely, sectors where the competitive advantage is locally rooted and hard to transfer across countries, multinationals tend to adopt an international strategy rather than a global one. (8) Strategic Management Strategic Management is a term which underlines the importance of managers with regards to the company strategy. Strategy needs to be defined by the people especially the managers who also implement them. Strategic Management involves a greater scope than that of any one area of operational management. It is characterised in way it makes easy for the managers to make decision and judgement based on the conceptualisation of difficult issues. Corporate strategy is defined as the identification of the purpose of the organization and the plans and actions to achieve that purpose. Corporate strategy consist of two main elements: corporate level strategy and business level strategy .See figure 7.0 At Corporate Level: All the decisions need to be taken over what business the company is in or should be in. The culture and leadership of the organization are also important at this broad general level. Corporate strategy is the pattern of major objectives, purpose or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business the company is in or be in and the kind of company it is or be. (9) At Business Level: corporate strategy is more alarmed with the competing for customers, generating value from the resources and the underlying principle of the sustainable competitive advantages of those resources over rival companies. Figure 8.0 The essence of corporate strategy At the individual business level: How do we complete successfully? What is our sustainable competitive advantage? How can we innovate? Who are our customers? What value do we add? At the general corporate level: What business are we in? What business we should be in? What business our basic directions for the future? What is our culture and leadership style? What is our attitude to strategic change? What should it be? What is the purpose of the organization? And what are our strategies to achieve this? (10) The three main areas of strategy At both the levels of corporate strategy every organization has to manage its strategies in three main areas: Organizations internal resources; External environment within the area of organization operates; Organizations ability to add value to its organizations process. Resources Strategy Resources of any organization includes human resource skills, investors and the capital. Organizations need to build a good strategies to optimise the use of the resources. In particular, it is essential to investigate the sustainable competitive advantage that will allow the organization to survive and prosper against competition. Environmental strategy Environment encompasses all the aspect external to the organization itself: not only the economic and political circumstances, which depends place to place but competitors, customers and suppliers, who may vary widely around the world, but also competitors, customers are particularly important here. Hence organizations therefore needs to develop corporate strategies that are best suited to their strengths and weakness in relation to the environment in which they operate. Adding Value Apart from environment and resources organizations still need to add value to the supplies brought into the organization. For long term survival, an organization take their supplies seriously and then deliver its output to its customers. The main purpose of corporate strategy is to make the organization create and add vital values to make sure the organization adapts the changes and continue to add value in future. Core areas of Corporate Strategy There are three core areas of corporate strategy are strategic analysis, strategy development and strategy implementation. Strategic analysis: The organization, its mission and objectives have to be examined and analysed. Corporate strategy provides value for the people involved in the organization, its stakeholders but its the managers who decide the objectives of the organization. They also analyse the resources and examine the objectives as well as the relationship with the environment. Strategy development: A strategy options has to be developed and then the right has to be selected. To be successful, the strategy is build upon a particular skills of the organization and the special relationship that it has or can develop with the other outside suppliers, customers, distributors and government. Strategy implementation: The selected options now has to be implemented and the organization will find many other difficulties in terms of motivation, power relationships, government negotiations, company acquisitions and many other matters. Hierarchical Characteristics of Strategy Strategy can be formulated on three different levels: Corporate level Business unit level Functional or Operational level, While strategy may be about competing and surviving as a rum, one can argue that products, not corporations compete, and products are developed by business units. The role or the corporation then is to manage its business units and products so that each is competitive and so that each continues to corporate purposes. While the corporation must manage its portfolio of businesses to grow and survive, the success of a diversified firm depends upon its ability to manage each of its product lines, While there is no single competition to Textron, we can talk about the competitors and strategy of each of its business units. In the finance business segment, for example, the chief rivals ate major banks providing commercial financing. Many matagers consider the business level to be the proper focus for strategic planning. Corporate Level Strategy Corporate level strategy fundamentally is concerned with the selection of businesses in which the company should compete and with the development and coordination of that portfolio of businesses. It is concerned with: Reach Defining the Issues that are corporate responsibilities; this might include identifying the overall goals of the corporation. The types of businesses In which the corporation should be involved and the way in which businesses will be integrated and managed . Competitive Contact defining where in the corporation competition is to be localized. Take the case of insurance; In the mid-1990s, Aetna as a corporation was clearly identified with its commercial and property casualty insurance products. Managing Activities and Business Interrelationships Corporate strategy seeks to develop synergies by sharing and coordinating staff and other resources across business units. investing financial units across business unit to complement other corporate business unit. Management Practices Corporations decide how business units are to be governed: through direct Corporate intervention (centralization) or through more or less autonomous government (decentralization) that relies on persuasions and rewards. Corporations are responsible for creating value through their businesses. They do so by managing their portfolio of businesses. ensuring that the businesses are successful over the long-term. developing business units. and sometimes ensuring that each business is compatible with others in the portfolio. Business Level Strategy A strategic business unit may be a division, product line, or other profit centre that can be planned independently from the other business units of the firm. At the business unit level. the strategic issues are less about the coordination of operating units and more about developing and sustaining a compititive advantage for the goods and services that are produced. At the business level the strategy formulation phase deals with: positioning the business against rivals anticipating changes in demand and technologies and adjusting the strategy to accommodate them inf1uencing the nature of competition through strategic actions such as vertical integration and through political actions such as lobbying. Functional Level Strategy The functional level of the organization is the level of the operating divisions and departments. The strategic issues at the functional level are related to business processes and the value chain. Functional level strategies in marketing, finance, operations, human resources and RD involve the development and coordination of resources through which business unit level strategies can be executed efficiently and effectively. Functional units of an organization are involved in higher level strategies by providing input into the business unit level and corporate level strategy such as providing information on resources and capabilities on which the higher level strategies can be based. Figure 9.0 Levels of Strategy (10) Global Strategies Global strategies have been deliberately pursued in some industries to integrate worldwide strategy. Essentially, strategy is centralised for the whole world, with an integrated network of production and market positions in all the leading countries on a broadly similar platform. The need for strategic business management planning can be easily understood by the porters diamond model. The diamond model is an economical model developed by Michael Porter in his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations, where he published his theory of why particular industries become competitive in particular locations. The phenomena that are analysed are classified into six broad factors incorporated into the Porter diamond, which has become a key tool for the analysis of competitiveness: Factor conditions are human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure. Specialized resources are often specific for an industry and important for its competitiveness. Specific resources can be created to compensate for factor disadvantages. Demand conditions in the home market can help companies create a competitive advantage, when sophisticated home market buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and to create more advanced products that those of competitors. Related and supporting industries can produce inputs which are important for innovation and internationalization. These industries provide cost-effective inputs, but they also participate in the upgrading process, thus stimulating other companies in the chain to innovate. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry constitutes the fourth determinant of competitiveness. The way in which companies are created, set goals and are managed is important for success. But the presence of intense rivalry in the home base is also important; it creates pressure to innovate in order to upgrade competitiveness. Government can influence each of the above four determinants of competitiveness. Clearly government can influence the supply conditions of key production factors, demand conditions in the home market, and competition between firms. Government interventions can occur at local, regional, national or supranational level. Chance events are occurrences that are outside of control of a firm. They are important because they create discontinuities in which some gain competitive positions and some lose. The Porter thesis is that these factors interact with each other to create conditions where innovation and improved competitiveness occurs. (11) Figure 10.0 Porters Diamond Model Government Related and supporting industries Demand Conditions Factor Conditions (11) Conclusion No nonprofit entrepreneur should launch prior to completing a strategic business management planning. This is where entrepreneurs perform the well-known SWOT analysis to determine the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) associated with their nonprofit business proposition. Strengths and weaknesses identify factors that are under their control, such as what they do better or worse than the competition. Opportunities and threats are external or not under their control. For example, an opportunity may be a new foundation looking to fund nonprofit organizations within a specific time frame. A threat may be the lack of philanthropic donations due to a recent tax increase or the reduction of the nonprofit tax deduction. Many nonprofits fail because they fail to complete their SWOT strategic analysis. The strategic planning process depends on the nature and needs of the organization and the its immediate external environment. For example, planning should be carried out frequently in an organization whose products and services are in an industry that is changing rapidly . In this situation, planning might be carried out once or even twice a year and done in a very comprehensive and detailed fashion (that is, with attention to mission, vision, values, environmental scan, issues, goals, strategies, objectives, responsibilities, time lines, budgets, etc). On the other hand, if the organization has been around for many years and is in a fairly stable marketplace, then plann